The report found that nearly a third of hours worked in the United States could be automated by 2030 and that more women than men will be laid off by the end of the decade.

Industries that are expected to shrink the most because of automation are food services, customer service and sales, and office support. The report finds that women are overrepresented in these sectors - and hold more low-paying jobs than men - so they stand to be more affected.

The study says that black and Hispanic workers, workers without college degrees, and the youngest and oldest workers are also more likely to have to find new jobs by 2030.

According to the report, by 2030, at least 12 million workers will need to change jobs as the industries in which they work shrink - 25 per cent more than the institute predicted in a report published in February 2021. Most of those workers will be at the low end of the pay scale, and they probably will need to acquire new skills before they can transition into new industries.

The report says the labour market also will be upended over the next decade by the government's investments in green technology, the growing demand for healthcare workers as the U.S. population ages and the structural changes to the workforce brought about by the pandemic.

It says these trends will converge with advancements in artificial intelligence to increase demand for some existing jobs, create new jobs for new industries and make other jobs obsolete.

The report finds that lawyers and civil engineers are among the workers who stand to benefit most. But workers in more-manual fields, such as health care or agriculture, do tasks that cannot be automated as easily.

"We see generative AI enhancing the way STEM, creative, and business and legal professionals work rather than eliminating a significant number of jobs outright," the authors wrote.